發展(zhan)全過程人(ren)民(min)民(min)主的(de)制(zhi)度保障和成功實(shi)踐
發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)民(min)主(zhu)，是(shi)中國(guo)式(shi)現(xian)代化的(de)本(ben)質要求之一(yi)，是(shi)全(quan)面(mian)建設(she)社(she)會(hui)(hui)主(zhu)義現(xian)代化國(guo)家的(de)應有之義，是(shi)實現(xian)強(qiang)國(guo)建設(she)和(he)(he)民(min)族復興的(de)強(qiang)大(da)動力(li)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)代表大(da)會(hui)(hui)制度和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)政協(xie)制度是(shi)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)實現(xian)全(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)民(min)主(zhu)的(de)根本(ben)制度保障(zhang)和(he)(he)成功實踐典范，對充(chong)分釋放中國(guo)式(shi)民(min)主(zhu)的(de)優(you)越性、充(chong)分保障(zhang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)當家作主(zhu)、充(chong)分激發(fa)社(she)會(hui)(hui)各界和(he)(he)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)群(qun)眾(zhong)的(de)積極性，發(fa)揮(hui)了獨特的(de)作用。
人民代表大會制度是實現全過程人民民主的重要制度載體
1954年(nian)9月(yue)，第一屆(jie)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)第一次(ci)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)議召開(kai)，標(biao)志著(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)這一國(guo)家根(gen)本(ben)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)正式建立。人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)運行(xing)70年(nian)的實踐深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)表(biao)明，這一根(gen)本(ben)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)之所以具有強大(da)生命(ming)力和(he)顯(xian)著(zhu)優(you)越性，成(cheng)為(wei)保障人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)當家作(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的根(gen)本(ben)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，關(guan)鍵在于它深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)堅持(chi)了(le)(le)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)集中制(zhi)(zhi)原則，深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)彰顯(xian)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)國(guo)體(ti)性質，深(shen)(shen)深(shen)(shen)植根(gen)于人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)之中。我(wo)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)同于西方政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，不(bu)(bu)是代(dai)(dai)表(biao)某個政(zheng)黨(dang)或利(li)益集團，而是代(dai)(dai)表(biao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)國(guo)各族人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)利(li)益、體(ti)現人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)是國(guo)家主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的根(gen)本(ben)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。習(xi)近平總書(shu)記深(shen)(shen)刻(ke)指出：“人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)是實現我(wo)國(guo)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的重(zhong)要(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)載體(ti)。”堅持(chi)和(he)完善(shan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，保證(zheng)各級人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)都由民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選舉產生，對(dui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)負責、受人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)監督(du)，保證(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)及(ji)其常(chang)委會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)依法行(xing)使立法權、監督(du)權、決定權、任免(mian)權，是發(fa)展全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的根(gen)本(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)基(ji)礎和(he)重(zhong)要(yao)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)關(guan)鍵。
選(xuan)(xuan)舉民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)政治文明(ming)的重要成果，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)(jia)作主(zhu)權(quan)利的根(gen)本(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度程序。我國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)選(xuan)(xuan)舉制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度與(yu)西方國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)選(xuan)(xuan)舉制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度不同(tong)，不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由某(mou)(mou)個(ge)政黨或某(mou)(mou)些利益(yi)集(ji)團(tuan)操縱，不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)某(mou)(mou)個(ge)政黨或某(mou)(mou)些利益(yi)集(ji)團(tuan)的權(quan)益(yi)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)各(ge)族人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)的根(gen)本(ben)利益(yi)，深刻體(ti)現(xian)(xian)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)的主(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)。人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)大(da)會(hui)(hui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度在(zai)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)和完善選(xuan)(xuan)舉民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)上的突出優勢在(zai)于，堅持民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)集(ji)中制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原則，把(ba)全(quan)過(guo)程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)貫穿民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)選(xuan)(xuan)舉全(quan)過(guo)程，從而有效保證(zheng)了選(xuan)(xuan)舉的人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)性和真實(shi)性。各(ge)級人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)代(dai)(dai)表(biao)的產生，包括代(dai)(dai)表(biao)候(hou)選(xuan)(xuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的醞(yun)釀、提出、投票，各(ge)級國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)機關(guan)組成人(ren)(ren)(ren)員的醞(yun)釀產生，以及法律和地(di)方性法規的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定出臺，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)和地(di)方經濟(ji)社會(hui)(hui)發(fa)展(zhan)重大(da)事項的討論(lun)決定等(deng)，無(wu)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通過(guo)充分討論(lun)基礎上的票決而形成的，有力引領和保障(zhang)了全(quan)過(guo)程人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)的實(shi)現(xian)(xian)。
人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)代(dai)表(biao)是人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)代(dai)表(biao)大會制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)力量，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)代(dai)表(biao)是否(fou)(fou)具(ju)有(you)(you)廣泛性、真(zhen)實(shi)性和(he)(he)有(you)(you)效(xiao)性，直接關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)到(dao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)代(dai)表(biao)大會制(zhi)度(du)能否(fou)(fou)有(you)(you)效(xiao)發揮實(shi)現全(quan)過程人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主重(zhong)要制(zhi)度(du)載(zai)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)功能作用。實(shi)踐深刻表(biao)明，正確認(ren)識和(he)(he)把握(wo)“選(xuan)民(min)(min)”與“代(dai)表(biao)”的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，是正確認(ren)識和(he)(he)把握(wo)“國體(ti)”與“政體(ti)”的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)，充(chong)分(fen)實(shi)行人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)代(dai)表(biao)大會制(zhi)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎和(he)(he)關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵。各級人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大代(dai)表(biao)都(dou)要經(jing)過透明、公正、合法的(de)(de)(de)民(min)(min)主選(xuan)舉產(chan)生，都(dou)要忠(zhong)實(shi)代(dai)表(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)利益(yi)和(he)(he)意(yi)志，依法參加(jia)行使(shi)國家權力，切(qie)實(shi)做(zuo)到(dao)“民(min)(min)有(you)(you)所呼、我有(you)(you)所應(ying)”，做(zuo)真(zhen)正代(dai)表(biao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)、取(qu)信于民(min)(min)、為人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)鼓與呼的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)代(dai)表(biao)，當(dang)好黨和(he)(he)國家密(mi)切(qie)聯系(xi)(xi)(xi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)群眾的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)梁和(he)(he)紐帶。
人民政協制度是發展全過程人民民主的重要制度平臺
中(zhong)國(guo)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政治(zhi)協商(shang)(shang)會(hui)議是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)愛國(guo)統一(yi)(yi)戰線的(de)組織，是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)共(gong)產黨領導的(de)多(duo)黨合作和政治(zhi)協商(shang)(shang)的(de)重(zhong)要機(ji)構，是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)政治(zhi)生(sheng)活中(zhong)發(fa)揚社會(hui)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、實踐全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)重(zhong)要形(xing)式。黨的(de)二十大報告明確規定：“協商(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)實踐全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)重(zhong)要形(xing)式”，“發(fa)揮(hui)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政協作為專門協商(shang)(shang)機(ji)構作用(yong)，加強制(zhi)度(du)化、規范化、程序化等功(gong)能建設(she)，提高(gao)深(shen)度(du)協商(shang)(shang)互(hu)動(dong)、意見充(chong)分表達、廣泛(fan)凝(ning)聚共(gong)識水平，完善人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政協民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監(jian)督和委(wei)員聯(lian)系界別群(qun)眾制(zhi)度(du)機(ji)制(zhi)”。協商(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)發(fa)展全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)重(zhong)要制(zhi)度(du)形(xing)式，人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政協制(zhi)度(du)是(shi)發(fa)展全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)重(zhong)要制(zhi)度(du)平臺；這兩個方面互(hu)為條件、相(xiang)輔相(xiang)成(cheng)，在發(fa)展全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)程人民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)實踐過(guo)程中(zhong)融(rong)為一(yi)(yi)體。
全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是“全(quan)鏈(lian)條”式的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)化民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。從(cong)(cong)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)機構(gou)運行(xing)到基層社(she)(she)會治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)、從(cong)(cong)重大(da)(da)立(li)法(fa)決策到依法(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)、從(cong)(cong)公共(gong)權力(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約到人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)權利(li)(li)(li)保(bao)障、從(cong)(cong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選舉(ju)到民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、從(cong)(cong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決策到民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理(li)、從(cong)(cong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)參與到民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監(jian)督，形(xing)成了一(yi)個(ge)有機聯系、良性(xing)互動(dong)的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)鏈(lian)條。這樣一(yi)種(zhong)完整的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)鏈(lian)，有效保(bao)證了人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)作(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權利(li)(li)(li)，實現了過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)成果民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、程(cheng)(cheng)序(xu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)實質民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、直(zhi)接(jie)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)間(jian)接(jie)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)意(yi)志相統一(yi)，因而是最(zui)廣(guang)(guang)泛、最(zui)真(zhen)實、最(zui)管用的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)完整制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)鏈(lian)中，以人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)為(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)平(ping)臺的(de)(de)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，是影響全(quan)局的(de)(de)重要制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)環節。協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)鮮明特點和(he)突(tu)出(chu)優(you)勢(shi)在(zai)于(yu)，通過(guo)政(zheng)黨協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)(da)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、政(zheng)府(fu)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、政(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)團體協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、基層協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)、社(she)(she)會組織協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)等多種(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)平(ping)臺，充分(fen)尊(zun)重民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)意(yi)、廣(guang)(guang)泛集中民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)智、暢通民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)渠道、增進民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)共(gong)識，有效保(bao)證人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)作(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權利(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)充分(fen)表(biao)達和(he)真(zhen)實實現。在(zai)各(ge)類制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)化協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)平(ping)臺中，作(zuo)為(wei)專門協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)機構(gou)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)，顯然具有更加特殊的(de)(de)功能(neng)和(he)作(zuo)用，其(qi)突(tu)出(chu)優(you)勢(shi)就(jiu)是廣(guang)(guang)泛政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)參與。人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)作(zuo)為(wei)最(zui)廣(guang)(guang)泛的(de)(de)愛國(guo)(guo)統一(yi)戰線組織，是凝聚人(ren)(ren)(ren)心、匯聚力(li)量的(de)(de)強大(da)(da)法(fa)寶。充分(fen)發揮(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)協(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)代表(biao)性(xing)強、聯系面廣(guang)(guang)、包容性(xing)大(da)(da)、智力(li)密集、人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)薈萃等優(you)勢(shi)，可以最(zui)大(da)(da)限(xian)度(du)(du)(du)凝聚社(she)(she)會各(ge)界力(li)量，為(wei)建設中國(guo)(guo)特色社(she)(she)會主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)、順利(li)(li)(li)推(tui)進強國(guo)(guo)建設和(he)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)族復興(xing)提供(gong)強大(da)(da)動(dong)力(li)。
黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十八(ba)大(da)以來，各(ge)(ge)級人(ren)民(min)(min)政協(xie)(xie)積極履(lv)行專門(men)協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)機構功能，為(wei)擴(kuo)大(da)政治(zhi)(zhi)參與(yu)、推進全過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)開辟了一(yi)條有(you)效路(lu)徑，這就是(shi)把(ba)握人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)諦(di)、打造特色商(shang)(shang)(shang)量(liang)(liang)平(ping)(ping)臺(tai)。習近平(ping)(ping)總書記深刻指出，有(you)事(shi)好(hao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)量(liang)(liang)，眾人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情由眾人(ren)商(shang)(shang)(shang)量(liang)(liang)，是(shi)人(ren)民(min)(min)民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)諦(di)。堅持以問(wen)(wen)題(ti)為(wei)導向，以人(ren)民(min)(min)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體，就國家(jia)(jia)和社會(hui)治(zhi)(zhi)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重大(da)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)和人(ren)民(min)(min)群眾普遍(bian)關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)切身利(li)益問(wen)(wen)題(ti)進行廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)量(liang)(liang)，社會(hui)各(ge)(ge)界人(ren)士充分合(he)理(li)表達不同思(si)想(xiang)觀(guan)點，真(zhen)(zhen)正做到相互尊重、平(ping)(ping)等協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)(er)不強加于人(ren)，遵循規(gui)則、有(you)序協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)(er)不各(ge)(ge)說各(ge)(ge)話，體諒包(bao)容、真(zhen)(zhen)誠協(xie)(xie)商(shang)(shang)(shang)而(er)(er)(er)不偏激偏執(zhi)，有(you)利(li)于形成既暢所欲言(yan)、各(ge)(ge)抒(shu)己(ji)見，又有(you)理(li)有(you)度、合(he)法依(yi)章的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)良好(hao)政治(zhi)(zhi)氛圍(wei)。實踐充分表明，在人(ren)民(min)(min)內(nei)部各(ge)(ge)方面(mian)廣(guang)泛(fan)(fan)商(shang)(shang)(shang)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，就是(shi)發揚民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)、集思(si)廣(guang)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，就是(shi)統一(yi)思(si)想(xiang)、凝聚(ju)共識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，就是(shi)科學(xue)決策、民(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決策的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，就是(shi)實現人(ren)民(min)(min)當家(jia)(jia)作主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)。
“重要制度載體”和“重要制度平臺”相輔相成相得益彰
選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，是(shi)兩種既具有(you)本質聯(lian)系又具有(you)各(ge)自特色和功能(neng)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治形式；人民(min)(min)(min)(min)代表大會(hui)制度(du)(du)(du)和人民(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)制度(du)(du)(du)這(zhe)兩種政(zheng)(zheng)治制度(du)(du)(du)安排相互補充、缺一(yi)不(bu)可。選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)國家權力(li)運行(xing)的(de)(de)基(ji)本形式，從一(yi)定意(yi)義上說，沒有(you)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，也(ye)就無(wu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)可言，人民(min)(min)(min)(min)當家作(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)也(ye)就成了(le)一(yi)句空話。同時我們又必須清醒地(di)看到，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不(bu)是(shi)萬能(neng)的(de)(de)，僅僅靠“票決(jue)(jue)”不(bu)可能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)權力(li)運行(xing)和國家治理(li)的(de)(de)問題。從制度(du)(du)(du)生(sheng)成來說，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)“二者擇一(yi)”的(de)(de)過(guo)程，要(yao)么贊成、要(yao)么反對(dui)(dui)，要(yao)么通(tong)過(guo)、要(yao)么否(fou)決(jue)(jue)，容不(bu)得中(zhong)性選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇和中(zhong)性結果(guo)。從一(yi)般意(yi)義上說，選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)“你上我下”的(de)(de)對(dui)(dui)決(jue)(jue)過(guo)程，極(ji)端情(qing)況(kuang)下甚至(zhi)會(hui)導(dao)致(zhi)“民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)濫(lan)殤”和“多(duo)數(shu)人暴政(zheng)(zheng)”。這(zhe)樣一(yi)種選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)舉(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)“短缺”，正是(shi)協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)優長。協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)以(yi)尊(zun)重(zhong)多(duo)數(shu)、照顧(gu)少(shao)數(shu)和求(qiu)同存異(yi)為(wei)基(ji)本原則，不(bu)僅注重(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)結果(guo)而(er)且注重(zhong)民(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)過(guo)程，既強調決(jue)(jue)策(ce)前也(ye)注重(zhong)決(jue)(jue)策(ce)中(zhong)各(ge)種利益的(de)(de)博弈和整合，因而(er)可以(yi)最(zui)大限度(du)(du)(du)地(di)凝(ning)聚社會(hui)各(ge)界共識和人民(min)(min)(min)(min)群眾智慧(hui)，形成最(zui)大公約(yue)數(shu)，充分調動(dong)人民(min)(min)(min)(min)積極(ji)性，激發人民(min)(min)(min)(min)創造活力(li)。
我國全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)制度(du)(du)設計出發(fa)(fa)，把(ba)選(xuan)(xuan)舉民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)有機(ji)(ji)地融(rong)合起來(lai)，把(ba)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)選(xuan)(xuan)舉、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)協(xie)商(shang)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)決策、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)管理(li)、民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)監督有機(ji)(ji)地貫通(tong)起來(lai)，涵蓋經(jing)濟(ji)、政(zheng)(zheng)治、文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、社會(hui)、生態文(wen)(wen)明等各個領域(yu)，既關注(zhu)國家(jia)發(fa)(fa)展大事(shi)和(he)(he)(he)社會(hui)治理(li)難(nan)事(shi)，又(you)關注(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)群(qun)眾具(ju)體(ti)(ti)需求和(he)(he)(he)百姓日常瑣事(shi)，具(ju)有時間上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)連續(xu)(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、內容上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)整體(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、運行上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)協(xie)同性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)參與(yu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)持(chi)續(xu)(xu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，從(cong)而使(shi)國家(jia)機(ji)(ji)構運行和(he)(he)(he)社會(hui)生活各方(fang)面(mian)都(dou)能(neng)體(ti)(ti)現人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)意愿、聽到人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的(de)(de)聲音，有效防止西方(fang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)把(ba)票(piao)決作(zuo)為唯一形式，選(xuan)(xuan)舉時漫(man)天許諾、選(xuan)(xuan)舉后無人(ren)(ren)(ren)過(guo)(guo)問，選(xuan)(xuan)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)只有在投票(piao)時被(bei)喚醒、投票(piao)后即進(jin)入“休眠”狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)弊端(duan)。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國式民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)最大優(you)勢，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)鮮明特(te)色(se)。正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)選(xuan)(xuan)舉民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相輔(fu)相成相得益(yi)彰的(de)(de)意義上(shang)(shang)說，承擔著組(zu)織選(xuan)(xuan)舉民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)使(shi)命的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代表(biao)大會(hui)制度(du)(du)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)現全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)制度(du)(du)載體(ti)(ti)；承擔著推(tui)進(jin)協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)使(shi)命的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)制度(du)(du)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)現全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)制度(du)(du)平(ping)臺(tai)。所謂(wei)(wei)“重要(yao)(yao)制度(du)(du)載體(ti)(ti)”，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體(ti)(ti)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)代表(biao)大會(hui)制度(du)(du)集中(zhong)表(biao)達和(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)現人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)是(shi)(shi)(shi)國家(jia)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)鞏固和(he)(he)(he)彰顯人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)專政(zheng)(zheng)國家(jia)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)根(gen)本制度(du)(du)載體(ti)(ti)；所謂(wei)(wei)“重要(yao)(yao)制度(du)(du)平(ping)臺(tai)”，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)指全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)廣泛(fan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，通(tong)過(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)政(zheng)(zheng)協(xie)制度(du)(du)等協(xie)商(shang)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)制度(du)(du)化(hua)平(ping)臺(tai)，更廣泛(fan)更充分地表(biao)達和(he)(he)(he)實(shi)現人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)當(dang)家(jia)作(zuo)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)權利，使(shi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)原則要(yao)(yao)求轉變成更廣泛(fan)的(de)(de)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治實(shi)踐。
（作者系中國政治學(xue)會(hui)學(xue)術委(wei)員會(hui)副(fu)主任(ren)，山東省習(xi)近平(ping)新時代中國特(te)色社(she)會(hui)主義(yi)思想研究中心學(xue)術委(wei)員會(hui)委(wei)員、特(te)邀研究員）
